<< Even without glasses, females of this species keep a sharp eye out for their young. But now some countries and individual farmers are taking action and changing their practices. /Tabs /S /Font << >> 5.8 Decomposer of Mangrove Ecosystems Mangroves are considered as detritus-based ecosystems where the decomposers are very important in cycling the nutrients efficiently from the litter of mangrove that are sedimented in the soil and absorbed by the mangrove trees (Nazim et al. Many kinds of birds nest, roost, and feed in mangroves. /Resources << /Parent 3 0 R People who live in mangrove forests often rely on fishing to make a living. /Chart /Sect These mangrove forests are not just stands of trees - they are entire ecosystems, complete with producers, consumers and tons of decomposers. Knee roots are a type of horizontal root that periodically grow vertically and then, in a near hairpin loop, grow back downsimilar to the look of a bent knee. Decomposers break apart complex organic materials into more elementary substances: water and carbon dioxide, plus simple compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. /S /URI 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Creator <4D6963726F736F6674AE20576F72642032303133> /Subtype /Type1 /CS /DeviceRGB /GS7 46 0 R >> Once the leaves and older trees die they fall to the seafloor and take the stored carbon with them to be buried in the soil. /CS /DeviceRGB Mangroves have. >> decomposition, mangroves and other vegetated coastal ecosystems represent an important global carbon sink (Donato et al., 2011; Yuan et al., 2015). Using their claws, they move the mud onto mounds aboveground, in some cases up to three meters tall. /Font << Since leaf cells can hold a large volume of water when compared to all other cells, salt is drawn to the leaves as a mechanism to balance the salt concentration. A male mudskipper is also known for its courtship displays. /F6 54 0 R >> In 2006, two nearby archipelagos were washed away, an illustration that the threat of the entire forest vanishing beneath the ocean is a real concern. They also provide us with an ample supple of food, like seafood, fruit, medicines, fiber, and wood. Proc Natl . Decomposer - Definition, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary Mangroves are survivors. /S /URI /Tabs /S (Steven Paton/Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), The burrowing mud lobsters are industrious workers that play an important role in many mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region. 32 0 obj >> Life by the ocean has its perksfor mangroves, proximity to the waves and tides helps with reproduction. endobj >> /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << /MarkInfo << << live here where they feed on dead material, eg water worms and rat-tailed maggots. 6 0 obj /GS7 46 0 R /Border [0 0 0] (Steven Paton, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), A resident of riverine mangroves in Central and South America, the spectacled caimandoesnt wear glasses, of course. /F1 48 0 R /StructParents 11 However, rising temperatures and sea level due to climate change are allowing mangroves to expand their ranges farther away from the equator and encroach on temperate wetlands, like salt marshes. /GS7 46 0 R Red mangroves are the most common . Extensive mangrove diebacks in Australia along the Bay of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory and at Exmouth in Western Australia have been linked to a 14 inch (35 cm) drop in sea level, which when coupled with prolonged drought, left mangroves high and dry long enough to cause extensive mangrove death. This barrier acts against osmosis, a process where water moves from areas low in salt concentration to areas high in salt concentration. /URI (https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/decomposition-as-a-regulator-of-carbon-accretion-in-mangroves-a-review\(89847308-f975-435f-acb0-b805d64dd52f\).html) It turns out mangroves impact many aspects of peoples lives, not just the houses they dwell in. << /ExtGState << /Type /Group /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F1 48 0 R Perhaps, the initial few seedlings to colonize the north were extremely early reproducers and the trait has been passed down to the current generation. 20 0 obj The five different types of mangrove forests. 2017-11-07T16:38:10Z Thats a rate of loss that far exceeds the disappearance of tropical rainforests. 36 0 obj /Rotate 0 /GS8 47 0 R /Type /Page 29 0 obj endobj 7 [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Group << Decomposers include bacteria and fungi. /CS /DeviceRGB As such, mangroves are receiving growing attention in the climate change debate in relation to their capacity for so-called "blue carbon" sequestration. /S /URI << Role of decomposer in the ecosystem . Plant-soil feedbacks in mangrove ecosystems are important for ecosystem resilience and can be investigated by establishing links between empirical and modelling studies. /A << Mud lobsters excavate underground burrows that extend down to two meters deep. /GS7 221 0 R >> Based upon findings that seedlings do best when they are submerged for 30 percent of the time and dry for the remaining 70, Lewis and a team of engineers modified the coastal landscape by moving piles of dirt with bulldozers and backhoes away from the experiment site. >> >> Fortunately, one method for mangrove restoration proves to be more successful than other attempts. Together, the mangroves and seagrasses use photosynthesis to grow and provide energy for the rest of the ecosystem. /Author (Shantelle Friesen) /CropBox [0 0 612 792] 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R >> /Parent 3 0 R Although mangrove populations have flourished in that last 6,000 years, a past change in sea level during the retreat of the glaciers roughly 20,000 years ago, potentially killed a majority of their population. Mangroves are a variety of species of broad-leaved trees (10-40 feet high) lying in muddy creeks and tidal estuaries. z>?aY"{TV[$04`ViPdLBi[R ;{q{FcsY{|WQs4(IB[o$=XT| /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 64 0 R endobj Secure .gov websites use HTTPS >> /Rotate 0 << Science module D unit 1 test Flashcards | Quizlet Charcoal from mangroves is highly prized in Japan. /XObject << << /ParentTree 24 0 R /S /Transparency 873g,`k|AJkXn >$(q`i8g#mkVV9{J While most tiger species avoid humans, this tiger is notorious for actively hunting humans, a trait that has earned it the name man eater. Although for a time, fear of the creatures and the inaccessibility of their chosen habitat protected the tigers from human poaching, recent sea level rise is now threatening their existence. All in all, researchers estimate, the world's mangrove forests provide human communities with manybillions of dollars worthof services. Mangroves are groups of salt-tolerant, partially submerged trees with sturdy root systems. /StructParents 6 Some organisms will eat the leaves directly, especially crabs and insects, while other decomposers wait for the mangrove leaves to fall to the ground and consume the decaying material. 21 0 obj /Type /Group Contact Us Last updated on September 30, 2022 The stunted growth is often attributed to a lack of nutrients, high salinity, and rocky soils. Some of these invasive species are encroaching upon the habitats of mangroves. Degradasi dan perubahan penggunaan kawasan. ), which often grows more inland, has root projections called pneumatophores, which help to supply the plant with air in submerged soils. A mangrove is a woody tree or shrub that lives along sheltered coastlines within the tropic or subtropic latitudes. This buried carbon is known as blue carbon because it is stored underwater in coastal ecosystems like mangrove forests, seagrass beds and salt marshes. 8 [122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R] A stilt root grows toward the soil, arcing away from the central trunk like a flying buttress. A satellite imageof the Sundarbans Forest. /Rotate 0 /F3 225 0 R ), oysters ( Crassostrea spp. (1991) Fungal diseases in mangrove forest ecosystem. Detritivore - Wikipedia In a city of underground burrows, territoriality is the rule of life for fiddler crabs. These wetlands are often found in estuaries, where fresh water meets salt water and are infamous for their impenetrable maze of woody vegetation. /F2 28 0 R /P 4 0 R /Contents 62 0 R ] When plants in the ocean die the carbon they use to build their tissues gets stored away in the ocean floor. endobj Some creatures are found nowhere else but in mangrove forests. Other organisms rely on the structures created by the branching trees and their tangle of roots. These natural laboratories enable the scientists to conductlong-term studies on mangrove ecosystemsfrom a range of latitudes. This shrimp farm in southern Belize is just one example of how mangroves worldwide are giving way to human development. Mangrove can also be used as a term that refers to an entire community. and scavengers. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /S /Part /ExtGState << . /StructParents 2 << Women removing the shell from mangrove mudshells in Malaita, Solomon Islands. /Subtype /Link The good thing is that nothing goes to waste in these ecosystems. Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions. /Font << He teaches Ecology and Evolution at the University of Northern Colorado. endobj This hoarding of water creates thick and fleshy leaves, a characteristic called succulence. 26 0 obj In 1986, Robin Lewis began a restoration experiment in Florida that changed mangrove restoration success. In the 1950s, coastal villages in the Indo-Pacific had an average of 5 miles of mangrove forest between themselves and the ocean. /Type /Page How do they do it? The leaves of some mangrove can also store unwanted salt. /Type /Page Not many large animals can navigate the thick undergrowth and sinking mud pits of a mangrove forest, but for the. A map of mangrove species around the world. Mangrove ecosystems are some of the most productive in the world. What threats do they faceand how can we conserve them? /A << They are also important because they provide a habitat for other species that live in the ecosystem, like fish and birds. 2 [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R] The primary producers in mangrove ecosystems would not be able to do their job without decomposers providing nutrients for them. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] A fish living in a tree sounds like a fictional childrens tale, however, in some mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region, its the real deal. Not many large animals can navigate the thick undergrowth and sinking mud pits of a mangrove forest, but for the Royal Bengal tiger, the treacherous habitat is the perfect hunting ground. 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R] While producers tend to get a lot of credit for propping up ecosystems, mangrove forests wouldnt be able to operate without decomposers. . Parasitic species cause such diseases as 'die-back' of mangroves, but the majority are saprophytic on wood debris and leaf litter, contributing as decomposers to the mangrove ecosystem's food chain. /F4 51 0 R /Type /Page They raise the young in nurseries, taking turns caring for their own as well as others' offspring and protecting them fiercely. /C [0 0 1] Mangroves categorized as secretors, including species in the black mangrove genus Avicennia, push salt from the ocean water out through special pores or salt glands within their leaves. 307-338. They improve water quality by filtering runoff and polluted waters. /S /Transparency /Type /Page /Group << Inhabitants of the mangrove forests in Borneo, these monkeys rarely leave the branches of the trees, though they are one of the best primate swimmers and will leap into the water in a comical belly-flop. Throughout the night the bats will travel tree to tree and the pollen is transferred to flowers of different individuals. In contrast, the matter in an ecosystem is continuously recycled as atoms are combined and recombined in different ways. As the fish are eaten by predators, their energy and nutrients become another link in the chain. And theyre not alone. Its a worrisome situation considering one study found that a mangrove forest can cut the death toll of a coastal storm by about two-thirds. /F1 48 0 R Even without glasses, females of this species keep a sharp eye out for their young. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Most pneumatophores, however, grow between 8 and 20 inches (20 and 50 cm). This low diversity means that mangroves of a single species are so similar that the genetic makeup of one individual is almost identical to its neighbor. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 0 But by 1996, less than 20 percent of those mangroves had survived. >> /FormType 1 /Type /Page Along with birds, butterflies, bees, and moths, bats are an essential pollinator for mangroves. /GS8 47 0 R endobj Decomposer Definition A decomposer is an organism that decomposes, or breaks down, organic material such as the remains of dead organisms. Consumers - National Geographic Society Through a series of impressive adaptationsincluding a filtration system that keeps out much of the salt and a complex root system that holds the mangrove upright in the shifting sediments where land and water meet. Marine fungi are major decomposers of woody and herbaceous substrates in marine ecosystems. Taking advantage of this demand, low-income workers in countries like Thailand flooded to the coasts in the 1980s and 1990s where work on shrimp farms was promised, and worthless mangrove forests were cleared to make space for shrimp pools. The scientists make use of the extensive collections at the National Museum of Natural History as well as the facilities at several Smithsonian facilitiesoutside of Washington, D.C.including the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, and field stations along the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts in, , Belize, and Panama. >> 13 0 obj This is where decomposers come in. Its estimated that 75 percent to 90 percent of fisheries on the Florida coast are supported by mangroves. /Font << Red Mangrove (Rhizophera mangle) is easily recognized by its distinctive arching roots. ?:sr69swAh6_Ieh}N^M4'TL&*?,p9V,M 3?HZ^EbST /GS7 46 0 R Mangroves host a few species of crabs that are known to climb trees. The decomposer is the most important place in nature after the producer. In Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries, local communities dependent on mangroves have learned his methods, too. A 2006 study found the Mantang mangrove forest in West Malaysia supports fisheries worth. 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R /S /Transparency In 2016, the United States imported over 1.3 billion pounds of shrimp, and it is estimated that Americans consume 4 pounds of shrimp per person every year. >> /ExtGState << /Workbook /Document >> Moreover, mangroves rely on mud buildup from rivers to help them make the transition, but studies suggest that in at least some parts of the world, mud isnt building up fast enough compared to the rate of sea level rise. /Group << /Resources << /Tabs /S /Filter /FlateDecode The excavated mud includes nutrients from decaying matter from deep underground, and the burrows aerate the soil which, in turn, increases water drainage. An exotic antelope from Asia called the nilgai was released in Texas in the United States in the 1930s as hunting game and is now not only a nuisance for cattle ranchers, but it also eats mangrove leaves. Official websites use .gov endobj food chain noun Riverine mangrove forests are within river floodplains by the coast and are heavily influenced by the changing seasons. >> Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: iron /Group << 13 [173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R Scientists will refer to this as the mangal, but mangrove or mangrove forest works just the same. 4 [99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R] Not mangroves. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] In fact, the various species of mangroves aren't necessarily closely related to one another, but they do share the unique capability of growing within reach of the tides in salty soil. /S /Transparency /K [23 0 R] /S /Transparency LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems: Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. << /StructParents 7 /Subtype /Link For this reason, mangrove forests are considered nursery habitats. Anchored in soft sediments, the roots are literally coated with creaturesbarnacles, oysters, crabs, sponges, anemones, sea stars, and much more. >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] `:v4 << Mangroves form dense barriers against storms and tsunamis, and protecting property. Miki T, Ushio M, Fukui S, Kondoh M (2010) Functional diversity of microbial decomposers facilitates plant coexistence in a plant-microbe-soil feedback model. Fortunately, one method for mangrove restoration proves to be more successful than other attempts. Many people bear scars from tiger encounters. >> >> 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R In males, one claw is noticeably bigger than the other. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /StructElem Invasive animals can also pose a threat to mangrove forests. The underground portion of the root adds stability while the looping projections increase access to the air. Energy Flux in Mangrove Ecosystems | SpringerLink /F7 66 0 R /Rect [127 390 229.81 400] After the shrimp reach maturitya time that takes between three to six monthsthe ponds are drained so the shrimp can be harvested, and toxic water that contains the shrimps waste, uneaten shrimp feed, pesticides, chemicals, and antibiotics is released into the surrounding environment where it can harm local ecosystems. tKrWkZn}(J8z:78?.^/7 _Y= v5:#KA8x==V]Ja2KKz5hBcd(Q"5ini`2ZmY24.X+m i)[FSa 5EUtPm[ )J9e[1qG5Ma+N ,5Nii|i%Qgr[9(B)id|aMIr N&B=YS"H%^3lOBc^Ik The roots even hold onto those sediments which leads to better water quality and a reduction in erosion. /Resources << /Border [0 0 0] 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R /Resources << 6(\F 4}d(OWL0fDDUcS_ G0 Also, on some isolated tropical islands, such as Hawaii and Tahiti, mangroves are not native and are sometimes considered invasive species. >> 14 0 obj /S /Transparency /Parent 3 0 R Describe the difference between decomposers and consumers in an ecosystem? /Resources << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F2 49 0 R There is not a lot of plant diversity (number of species) in mangrove swamps. Although there are a few places where mangrove cover appears to be increasing, between 2001 and 2012 the world lost roughly 35 to 97 square miles of mangrove forest per year. endobj Mangroves are among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on Earth. The introduction of mangrove forests on Hawaii has particularly impacted native birds that are unable to roost in the mangroves and are preyed upon by nonnative rats and mongooses that hide in the mangrove roots. As the trees grow they take the carbon from carbon dioxide and use it as the building blocks for their leaves, roots and branches. To differentiate species that use different methods for dealing with salt, scientists categorize mangroves as either secretorsthose that actively rid their tissue of saltand non-secretorsthose that block the salt from entering their tissue. >> /C [0 0 1] /F4 51 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /GS8 47 0 R Monkeys, snakes and lizards crawl along tree limbs. /StructParents 12 /K [70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R >> 9 0 obj An overwash forest is similar to a fringe forest except the entire forest is an island that becomes flooded at high tide. 2013 ). %PDF-1.5 Mangrove forests occurring at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems represent a rich biological diversity of plants, animals and microorganisms. A mangrove forest is categorized into five types of forest-based upon its surrounding geography. Please click here to see any active alerts. xVr6}WSF;Tdi*3_ rI" $<2={/!o;(J !^(t277wK^ | dy xiuF( /Tabs /S A stealthy predator,it is considered the worlds most aggressive crocodile and often kills people who wonder where it lives. >> endobj /Font << They are characterized by halophytic (salt loving) trees, shrubs and other plants growing in brackish to saline tidal waters. After entering the snails shell the larvae then inject a paralyzing toxin and enzyme into the fleshy body before consuming it. 24 0 obj >> As the salty water evaporates, noticeable salt crystals often form on the surface of the leaves. /F3 50 0 R 39 0 obj 14 [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /Type /Font Mangrove trees can be distantly related and are grouped together for their shared characteristics rather than true genetic ties. #V,.(P=f+/+}g{9G`}0"?HT! In: Proceedings of the 5th Silvicultural Seminar. An insect and plant ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, she has collected dozens of insects once unknown to science. /CS /DeviceRGB >> >> /Footer /Sect Other important producers in these ecosystems are seagrasses, which coat the seafloor underneath the mangroves like a soft shag carpet. During past changes in sea level, mangroves were able to move further inland, but in many places human development is now a barrier that limits how far a mangrove forest can migrate. The tree and shrub foliage create a rich habitat for other plants and animals to call home, and the branching root system underwater creates a safe haven for many fish, especially easily preyed upon young. In mangroves, the creatures feeding on plants are often fish, insects or even decomposers (not much feeds on mangroves directly). /Subtype /Link /Resources << Patterns in the chemistry data suggested that sulfate reduction rates and storage of reduced sulfur were greater in the inland basin forest dominated by Laguncularia racemosa . Smithsonian researchers have even spotted a mangrove tree crab feasting on a seahorse. Green plants complete their life cycle by using those elements. The rise of shrimp farming is a response to the increasing appetite for shrimp in the United States, Europe, Japan and China in recent decades. What's a Mangrove? This type of decomposing leaves is used as food by small aquatic animals (nematodes, copepods). stream Some species like Conocarpus erectus, the buttonwood, are often grouped with mangroves since they hug the upper edge of mangrove forests, however, they lack many of the characteristic adaptations of mangroves and are labeled mangrove associates. When all plants that live in a mangrove environment are accounted for, there are well over 80 mangrove species. /Group << /Subtype /XML The knee roots of Bruguiera species can radiate out roughly 33 feet (10 meters) from the trunk. The long nose of a proboscis monkey may look funny, but for female monkeys, its an attractive trait. And in Hawaii, Rhizophora mangle from Florida were introduced by the American Sugar Company in 1902 in an effort to maintain erroiding coastlines, and later Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Conocarpus erectus were also introduced. << /Border [0 0 0] 2. Mangroves further improve water quality by absorbing nutrients from runoff that might otherwise cause harmful algal blooms offshore. ), and other invertebrates. While most terrestrial plants use whats called a taproot to burrow deep into the ground for support, several mangrove species rely on sprawling cable roots that stay within a few centimeters of the soils surface for stability and access to oxygen. Images from Diana Kleine,Tracey Saxby, and Sally Bell, Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/.). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In the continental United States, only three species of mangrove grow: red, black, and white mangroves. They support many species of fish, amphibians, reptiles and other animals. Without the consumer, the accumulation of dead . 7 0 obj In Florida, conservationists are currently trying to contain, an infestation of an Asian mangrove species. /ModDate (D:20171107163810Z) /Macrosheet /Part Along with birds, butterflies, bees, and moths, bats are an essential pollinator for mangroves. /Parent 3 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] As the leaves age, the cells grow in size since more water is needed to dilute the accumulating salt. If the mangrove didnt have such a barrier, the salty ocean water would suck the mangrove dry. endobj 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R << (Ilka C. Feller/Smithsonian Institution, made possible by LightHawk), . When cyclonic storms like typhoons and hurricanes make landfall, they create a strong storm surge that can cause serious flooding. /F1 27 0 R >> 34 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB A fish living in a tree sounds like a fictional childrens tale, however, in some mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region, its the real deal. In China, a marsh grass called, for cattle ranchers, but it also eats mangrove leaves. This low diversity means that mangroves of a single species are so similar that the genetic makeup of one individual is almost identical to its neighbor. uzZC*y5vPc~p7p0^;~=qQ$@YIhF?JpSa~QF Os64~EkBX?jJasC|`HgoV:HE /F4 51 0 R /Diagram /Figure the treacherous habitat is the perfect hunting ground. And in Australia, the mangrove forests are renowned for the massive saltwater crocodile, a reptile that can reach up to 17 feet! /URI (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.069) Mangroves themselves can also be invasive. The cooler temperatures of northern temperate regions prove too much for the mangroves. Certain ecosystems store carbon better than others. Since leaf cells can hold a large volume of water when compared to all other cells, salt is drawn to the leaves as a mechanism to balance the salt concentration. << Consumers are organisms that cannot create their food. These . endstream Many of those fish species feed other species that visit the mangroves, in turn supporting whole communities. /Textbox /Sect endstream /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R As the leaves age, the cells grow in size since more water is needed to dilute the accumulating salt. endobj /F5 52 0 R Diversity of mollusks (bivalves and gastropods) in degraded mangrove >> 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R] Today, villages sit at the waters edgea direct target for incoming storms. /Resources << The adult males congregate on mangrove leaves where they display synchronous, flashing light sequences to attract females. Mangroves | Smithsonian Ocean Mangrove hummingbirds rely on the sweet nectar from the Pacific mangrove.